Lee Wan-Chung

Lee Wan-Chung

Nascimento : 1911-09-02, Tianjin, China

Morte : 1981-04-29

História

Yunzhong Li was born on September 2, 1911 in Tianjin, China. He was an actor, known for Come Drink with Me (1966), Prisoner 407 (1976) and He Has Nothing But Kung Fu (1977). He died on April 28, 1981 in Hong Kong.

Perfil

Lee Wan-Chung

Filmes

Chivalry Deadly Feud
When he was a child, Champ Wang was adopted by a noble man, and as years went by, he fell in love with the man's daughter. After the girl's family was slaughtered, he hid the girl in a secret place and attempted to fine the murderers. During his chase, he killed some great fighters, and their families decide to contract killers in order to get rid of him.
Jade Hairpin Alliance
Shaw legend Tony Liu Yung is the swashbuckling swordsman who takes on all odds. The Jade Hairpin is the only clue in a series of crimes that are carried out by the opera gang, a band of masked men of a poisonous family. Its weapon is a cunning plan of guts vs. skill and brains vs. survival in this epic!
The Imperious Princess
Eunuch
Taiwanese huangmei opera starring Ivy Ling Po.
No Big Deal
Rainbow In My Heart
Mr. Wang
Chung is in charge of an advertising company in Hong Kong. He's about to marry a model Woo. But Chung finds that Woo is cheating on him on her birthday. He's hurt so he goes to Korea for his new commercial. Chung starts to appreciate a Chinese singer Chelsia Chen by watching TV. He invites her to join his commercial shooting and they fall in love with each other. The commercial's successful in Hong Kong and Chelsia becomes a star now. Chung's uncle urges Chung to invite Chelsia to come to Hong Kong and he does so. Woo suddenly comes up and requires to cooperate with Chung again but gets refused. Woo's mad then turns to cooperate with another directo Choi. However, she's not happy with Choi and still wants to go back to Chung.
Broken Oath
Hao's assistant
Jie-Lian nunca teve uma chance. Sua mãe fervia de raiva por ter sido presa injustamente por seu estuprador por ter furado seu olho. Sua mãe repetidamente fez boas amigos e companheira de prisão, Mil mãos, cuidou de Jie-Lian para se vingar por ela como um adulto. Jie-Lian é dada a um mosteiro e cresce ali, mas 20 anos de paz e amor não fazem qualquer ideia sobre a historia de Jie-Lian, que ignora os ensinamentos do budismos para a pratica de seu bastão e as técnicas da espada. Unindo forças com Mil Mãos e seus novos amigos, Jie-Lian recebe sua chance de vingança.
Five Kung Fu Daredevil Heroes
The heroes pose as gun dealers and acrobats in order to get close to the bad guys so they can avenge the death of one of their brothers.
Laugh In
A female extra-terrestrial (Chen Chen) appears on earth - in Hong Kong - to warn humankind of an impending catastrophe, but is arrested and institutionalised. She becomes trapped in a media circus, paraded as a freak. Exhausted and exasperated, the girl vanishes; a UFO is seen disappearing into the night sky.
The Dragon Lives
Biopic of the life and death of the legendary Bruce Lee, played by Bruce Li.
Woman Prisoner No. 407 II
Prison Guard
Japan conquers China just before WW2 starts. Chinese women are captured and placed in concentration camps, where they are tortured and humiliated. Some try to escape incurring enormous risks, and death if they fail.
Na Cha the Great
Master Tai Yi of Mt Qianyuan
Na Cha stars Fu Sheng as the prodigal son of a wealthy local official. When obnoxious sea dragons take on human form and cause trouble on the land, he realizes that the common people need help and takes up his mantle as their protector, fighting the dragons and their flunkies with the aid of supernatural powers.
A Mad World of Fools
A whacky 1974 comedy starring David Chiang who was also the director, that's one to see. Well it certainly is whacky, and the film is actually a number of short pieces, varying in length from a couple of minutes to the last story that is 30 minutes or so.
As Artes Marciais de Shaolin
Manchu General
O diabólico clã dos Manchus está determinador e eliminar todos os seus rivais no kung-fu. Com o Templo de Shaolin destruído, cruéis assassinos contratados pelos Manchus caçam os últimos sobreviventes do monastério, que buscam a ajuda dos mestres anciãos, donos de antigos segredos das artes marciais, os únicos estilos e táticas capazes de derrotar seus monstruosos inimigos. Após meses de um agonizante treinamento nos mortais estilos Tigre e Graça combinados, os monges sobreviventes se sentem preparados para um sangrento combate final contra o terrível estilo da Pele de Aço dos assassinos Manchus.
Tornado of Chu-chiang
In the early days of the Chinese Republic era, dockworkers in Macau are being mistreated by their Chinese overseers. An accident reveals that the cargo is composed of guns and opium.
Kung Fu Conspiracy
Sakata
A kung-fu movie about espionage and conflict between the Chinese and the Japanese; a.k.a. The Big Risk; a.k.a. When Tough Guys Meet; original title Hu dou hu
Heróis da Dinastia
Tianqiao
Dois mestres espadachins conseguem se infiltrar em campo inimigo para encontrar o príncipe da Dinastia Sung, que após a morte do Imperador, foi preso pelos rebeldes. O príncipe lhes entrega dois selos reais que provam a legitimidade de seu governo, e que devem ser entregues a seu irmão mais novo para que ele seja declarado como novo Imperador. Porém, na medida em que os rebeldes se aproximam para assassinar o príncipe, um dos espadachins passa seu selo para Tian Long, seu discípulo mais velho, enquanto o outro espadachim passa seu selo para Hong Erh, sua filha. Os dois, ao lado de um terceiro aprendiz que carrega um selo falso, se encontram e iniciam uma perigosa jornada para atravessar as linhas inimigas. Logo Fan Tian Hu é emboscado, aprisionado e torturado. Para libertá-lo, Tian Long e Hong Erh invadem o Hall de Fengyan e, em espetaculares e sanguinários combates, enfrentam os rebeldes usando somente suas invencíveis e mortais habilidade nas artes marciais.
Kung Fu King
Call to Arms
Lord Yu
The aggressive and dangerous Chin empire occupies the put-upon Chao kingdom while the hero-filled Wei empire is paralysed by an indecisive ruler.
Aventura Amorosa
Zheng Fu-Cheng
"Personagens ímpares - ganhe Lanting" descreve a história de Tang Taizong procurando a sua gravata Lanting favorita e enviando Yushi Xiaoyi para discutir com os colecionadores de gravata Lan Ting. "Um Livro Maravilhoso - Hui Lian" descreve a celebridade da Dinastia Ming, Wang Shizhen, que para vingar o seu pai, embebe de veneno o pergaminho, para que o seu inimigo Tang Jingchuan tocasse o veneno e morresse enquanto o lia. Quanto à história de "Thomastics - Pequeno Deus", conta a história de um misterioso feito de cálculo mágico, que faz uma série de piadas.
Legends of Lust
Tao San Hsin
Contains a trilogy of stories that on the surface level all relate directly to lust
Trilogy of Swordsmanship
Rich Brothel Patron
Three martial arts directors united for this unique anthology film. Yueh Feng writes and directs a clever love-and-kung-fu triangle, Cheng Kang both writes and directs kung-fu courtesans battling brigands, and the "godfather of the kung-fu film," Chang Cheh, creates a cliff-hanging, swashbuckling mini-movie with maxi-action.
Stranger in Hong Kong
Policeman
A computer engineer working for an insurance company stops over in Hong Kong on his way to a conference. He gets tricked into breaking into a bank.
O Espadachim Imperial
Zhi Yu
O filme retrata intrigas, conspirações e corrupção que acontecem na Corte Imperial Chinesa. O papel principal é do ator Chuan Yuan que nesse filme representa um dos nobres do império, Shu Pei-pei, atriz principal, é uma noiva relutante que tem suas raízes dentro do clã rebelde. Unidos por laços afetivos e contando com um grupo de lutadores de artes marciais que manuseiam diversos tipos de armas tentaram desvendar e acabar com a corrupção dentro do império. Será que nossos heróis saíram vivos dessa aventura.
The Deadly Knives
Master Zhong
Yan Zi Fei e Guan Yue Hua estão voltando para casa apaixonados e planejam contar a seus pais, mas assim que voltam descobrem que há um conflito entre as duas famílias. Guan Fun Lin está trabalhando com o Mestre Ogawa para ajudar os japoneses a tomar posse da floresta da família Yan - por meios justos ou não. Com o Mestre Yan se recusando a vender, Ogama continua sua trama, usando engano, traição e, em última instância, violência sangrenta para conseguir o que deseja.
The Water Margin
Grand Secretary Liang
The corruption in the Sung Dynasty of 11th century China is so rampant that it inspires a band of Oriental Robin Hoods - the Honorable 108. Mountain bandits who nevertheless live by a scrupulous code of conduct, the Honorable 108 pledge to end the repression of the brutal overlords.
The Blade Spares None
Han Chen
Ho Li-Chun, a pretty but ruthless swordswoman, and three challengers are participating in an open tournament at Prince Kuei's Palace. A knight, Chen Jo-Yu, is defeated in the tournament. He flees and later returns with knight Tang Ching-Yun who wields a strange sword. They get trapped but Ho deliberately sets both free after seeing Tang's weapon which she recognizes as the same weapon once used by Sun Tien-Chen, a foe of the Ho family. She decides to investigate. She finds out Prince Kuei actually is Sun, who killed the real prince years ago and assumed his identity. Ho joins forces with Chen and Tang. The trio slays Sun in a desperate confrontation at the palace.
The Duel
Senator Fang
Tan Jen-chieh's life spins out of control when he’s forced into exile to clear his name following the murder of his adopted father. He's hunted in the streets. His lover, Butterfly, turns to prostitution. And his father's likely killer – a smooth operator known as the Rambler – is always lingering nearby. But before Tan and the Rambler can slit each other's throats, they learn they've been double-crossed and go two against everyone in a rage of double-edged vengeance.
The Oath of Death
Master Hung Ching Fu
Three Sung loyalists decide to become blood brothers to fight the tyranny of the Tartar invaders. They build a stronghold and christen it 'The Flying Dragon Fortress' up in the hills. Gathering together a devoted army of followers, the three brothers wage war against the Tartar defense. Desiring to oust the oppressors altogether, Ma Ching plans to coerce an ally, Hong Zhang Chung to release the kidnapped Tartar princess in what initially seems a strategic and civil effort to gain points with the court. Not long after, it soon becomes apparent Ma desires both a great position and power and is willing to sacrifice anything and anyone to get it.
Sons and Daughters
shaw production
A Taste of Cold Steel
Lord Wuyi
Três irmãs se unem a uma prima para vingar seu pai, morto por um grupo de nobres ligados a uma gangue criminosa.
Swordswomen Three
Li Chi-Liang
O enredo segue as irmãs titulares, Ruo Lien, Ruo Lan e Ruo Mei cujo clã protege a famosa espada de ferro, uma poderosa arma muito procurada por seus rivais, em particular o desagradável Chu Tien Hsiang (interpretado pelo ator lendário Lo Changshan, conhecido na época por ser a primeira estrela internacional do estúdio, aparecendo nos gostos de “King Boxer” e “Lady Eremita”) que pretende usá-lo para se tornar o número um no mundo das artes marciais. Infiltrando o trio com seus esquemas astutos, ele aproveita a lâmina e define sobre eliminar seus legítimos donos, como a banda de garotas juntos para trazê-lo à justiça.
Brothers Five
Butler Teng
Uma jovem mulher busca reunir cinco irmãos que foram separados ainda criança para se vingar do homem que matou o pai deles.
Lady of Steel
Wei Tong Ming
Fang Ying Qi foi a única sobrevivente do massacre de toda a sua família. Anos depois, já uma perita em artes marciais, ela recebe a missão de se juntar a um grupo de heróis que luta contra a invasão Jin na China. O que ela não esperava é que essa missão a colocaria frente a frente com os assassinos de sua família. Rodeada de espiões e intrigas, ela só encontra ajuda em Qin Shang Yi, líder da gangue dos mendigos.
Mallow Forest
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the bandit Zhang Xianzhong, fearing that his treasures may be seized by the Manchurians, entrusts his henchman Yun to escort it to Mount Mei for safekeeping. However, Yun has made arrangements with the Manchurian spy Jin to ambush the treasure on the way to Mount Mei.
The Monkey in Hong Kong
A Cathay Studios production starring Annette Chang Hui Hsien.
A Espada das Espadas
Lin Bongyin
Um espadachim nobre luta para recuperar a espada mágica que protegeu seu país por séculos depois de ser enganado e traído por um vilão implacável. Um assassino astuto cegou o bravo guerreiro escolhido para defender o seu país com uma espada encantada, e assassinou sua família. Depois de se recuperar, o defensor cego se propõe a recuperar a arma, e buscar vingança contra seu inimigo assassino.
Forever Diamonds
Chau Tong Ming
Shaw production
Os Sinos da Morte
Tao Gongquan
Wei Fu é um lenhador aparentemente normal, mas quando vê sua família ser exterminada por saqueadores psicóticos, realiza um intenso treinamento de artes marciais com um espadachim experiente que encontra pelo caminho e em breve ele vai começar sua vingança, entretanto tal missão vai apresentar grande dificuldade e seus inimigos são artistas marciais de longa data e lutaram por suas vidas de todas as formas possíveis.
Travels with a Sword
Tien Ta Kwei/Chief Tien
Travels with a Sword is a Hong Kong Martial Arts movie starring Sammo Hung
Black Butterfly
Advisor Yu
Black Butterfly, steals from the rich and gives to the poor. Trouble starts when a bandit gang, who the Black Butterfly has robbed, come to town looking for them. Eventually, the Black Butterfly and their new allies, will have to confront the bandit gang at their fortress.
A Espada Roubada
Prince Wu Yi
O espadachim Han Jiu, depois de matar seu irmão de armas Tam Ti, alunos do mesmo Mestre, rouba a "Espada Celestial" considerada a mais valiosa no mundo das artes marciais. Han leva a valiosa arma para Corte Real e a entrega para o príncipe Wu Yi, a fim de se tornar um Oficial da Corte. Durante o aniversário de cinquenta anos do príncipe a "Espada Celestial" e exibida como demonstração de poder e intimidação aos convidados presentes. Em uma situação a parte do evento a filha de um de seus generais é prometida em casamento ao filho do príncipe a revelia de sua vontade e esse seria o estopim que desencadearia todos os eventos no restante da história, pois secretamente a esposa do espadachim assinado durante o roubo da espada e a acompanhante da filha do general e só espera por uma oportunidade para reaver a "Espada Celestial" e vingar seu marido assassinado.
The Dragon Creek
City Chief Investigator Ma
Shaw Brothers Action Drama.
A Espada e o Alaúde
Master Wen
O Pequeno Wu "Jimmy Wang Yu" e sua companheira Lianzhu "Chin Ping" estão voltando para casa com a missão de destruir o "Alaúde da Fênix", uma arma mortal que atira agulhas venenosas com precisão de até 500 passos e só pode ser destruída por uma espada especial, "A Espada Invencível".
Trail Of The Broken Blade
Innkeeper
O espadachim Chivalrous Jun-zhao (Kiu Chong) vai à procura de um fugitivo chamado Li Yueh (Jimmy Wang Yu) para reuni-lo com seu amor, Liu Xian (Chin Ping). Embora os dois homens se encontrem e se tornem irmãos leais, Li não revela sua verdadeira identidade até que a vida de Jun-zhao seja ameaçada por espadachins de Flying Fish Island que estão procurando vingança.
The Magnificent Trio
Magistrate's advisor
Enquanto o reinado da Dinastia Ming se aproxima do fim, um magistrado corrupto atrai vingança de três destemidos guerreiros neste épico do kung fu do diretor Chang Cheh. Cansados de serem explorados e sobretaxados pelo atual magistrado, os cidadãos de uma pequena comunidade se reúnem para preparar uma petição para um ministro visitante. Enquanto os três lutadores tentam derrotar os guardas do magistrado para assegurar que a petição alcance seu destino pretendido, eles tomam conhecimento de três belas moças.
The Mating Season
Boss
The Weiss Advertising Co under manageress Lo Yu Chun (Pat Ting Hung) and the Jen An Advertising Co. managed by playboy Tsao Chung Nien (Peter Chen Ho) are business rivals. The former works hard but without much success. The latter, with most of his staff perusing racing form or yellow journals, gets far more business. The anticipated arrival of a business tycoon from Malaya starts another battle and Lo Yu Chun goes all out to win over the prospective customer.
The Blue and the Black 2
Principal
Part two of the wartime love story
The Knight of Knights
Governor Wang
Um templo, protegido por um cem número de armadilhas, abriga uma gangue de facínoras. Eles precisam ser detidos. Mas a qual custo? Após a morte de seis companheiros seus, Wen Suchen infiltra-se com dois auxiliares como um inofensivo estudioso para descobrir os segredos sombrios do lugar.
O Grande Mestre Beberrão
Smiling Tiger Tsu Kan
Uma quadrilha de perigosos bandidos rapta um oficial do governo e ameaçam matá-lo caso seu líder que esta preso não seja libertado. A agente do governo Golden Swallow é enviada para resgatar o oficial sequestrado, que é seu irmão. Mesmo com suas grandes habilidades nas Artes Marciais ela acaba precisando da ajuda de Drunken Cat, um beberrão que vive nas ruas, para enfrentar os bandidos liderados por um abade corrupto que domina uma técnica de kung-fu extremamente poderosa. O Grande Mestre Beberrão é considerado em todo o mundo um dos maiores, se não o maior, filme de Artes Marciais de todos os tempos, tendo revolucionado o gênero quando de seu lançamento.
As Espadas Gêmeas
Red Lotus chief
Pequeno Wu e Lianzhu estão fugindo juntos quando veem algumas mulheres sendo capturadas. Eles tentam ajudar, mas caem em uma série de armadilhas do Clã da Lotus Vermelha. Lianzhu é capturada e o pequeno Wu retorna para casa embusca da ajuda da Família Jin. Mas é exatamente o que o Clã da Lotus Vermelha estavam planejando. O filme é a continuação de "O Templo da Lotus Vermelha".
Hong Kong, Manila, Singapore
Doctor
Shaw Brothers comedy.
Vermilion Door
Fan's servant
The tragic love triangle of early 20th century Peking Opera star Chiu Hai-tang, his beautiful stage partner, and the warlord who forces himself between them, has been a favorite with Chinese audiences for decades.
The Lark
Mr Xu
A musical staring Carrie Ku Mei as a singer named Xiaoyun Shi, who comes to Hong Kong after a tour of other Asian countries, hoping to develop her career.
Mimi-Private Eye
Detective novel fan Mimi Zhang has her photos taken at the peak by her brother Benda, an amateur photographer whose camera is nearly knocked down by a reckless man sprinting away. Zhang soon stumbles upon a murder. Officer Yang Ming has the victim's husband Cao Ren marked down as the prime suspect. Though being offered $10,000 by the wife's bereaved paramour, who remains anonymous, to testify against Cao, Mimi rules out the loving husband as the suspect. The developed pictures reveal a six-fingered handprint left at the scene. That very same night, the real culprit attempts to steal the negatives from Mimi, but fails. The following day Yang collects the piece of evidence on behalf of the police and accompanies Mimi back to the crime scene. There the six-fingered detective confesses to the crime of passion, pursuing the witness all the way to the top of a tower where she takes the dive and is saved by the police standing by on the scene.
The Mermaid
Exorcist
A Huangmei opera produced by Shaw Brothers about a carp spirit who transforms into an identical copy of a beautiful woman to win the heart of a lonely male scholar.
Templo da Lotus Vermelha
Red Lotus Chief Zhang Yuan
Pequeno Wu (Jimmy Wang Yu), é um jovem que vai para o Vale do Dragão, encontrar sua amiga de infância Jin Lian Zhu (Chin Ping), que lhe foi prometida em casamento. Assim que chega na casa de sua prometida, descobre que a família dela pode ser um grupo de saqueadores de estrada. Sem saber o motivo da rivalidade entre a família de sua noiva e famoso bando da "Lotus Vermelha" pequeno Wu tece um juízo de valor e resolve levar sua amada para fora do Palácio onde ela morava, entretanto isso se mostrará um decisão perigosa, pouco inteligente e logo terá consequências inesperadas.
The Last Woman of Shang
Laughing courtier
Admist a rebellion during the Ching Dynasty in ancient China, a nurse flees the palace with a young prince. As an adult, he convinces the daughter of the usurper to betray her father and to assist in restoring him as the rightful monarch.
Lady General Hua Mulan
Army officer
About a woman who disguises herself as a man to take her father's place in the army.
Between Tears and Smiles
Captain's assistant
Fan Chia-soo is a kind-hearted student whose heart is captured by the sweet song of Shen Feng-hsien. However, he is not the only one who has eyes for Shen. The General's henchmen are also determined to present the songstress to their superior as a gift. Fan received help from an unexpected quarter to save the woman he loves.
The Adulteress
Wang Kui-Sheng
The noted actress Li Li-hua, star of more than sixty films since 1947, beautifully portrays the drugged, then disgraced wife of a peddler in the waning days of the Ching Dynasty. To make matters worse, she’s soon framed for her husband’s murder by her rapist - the son of the local magistrate! And even that isn’t the end of her woes. It’s best to have a box of tissues nearby as two expert directors ratchet up the emotional suspense in this consummate tearjerker.
Bitter Sweet
A widow of four gave up two of her children to be raised by an uncle in Singapore. Many years later, just when the widow, now a house maid, is feeling contented by good news of her long gone son and daughter, she accidentally runs into his own son, now a lawyer, and ends up being looked down upon by him. It was a story about how traditional Chinese family and its value was impacted by the change of time. The movie depicted Macau in 1945 to Hong Kong in the mid-60s, moving from poverty after WWII to opulence. The human relationships became complicated and fragile. Many elements uniquely "Hong Kong", such as upper class Chinese, western religions, English speaking and a mixed-culture society are used to contrast the traditional, kind, enduring and forgiving love of a mother.
The Second Spring
Shaw Brothers drama.
Love Parade
Press conference guest
The winning couple of Linda Lin Dai and Peter Chen Hu light up the screen in the delightful Shaw Brothers musical Love Parade!
Madam White Snake
Taoist Priest Guo Wei
This Classic Seductive tale of two snakes who assume human forms will send chills of pleasure down viewers' backs. The Lovely Linda Lin Dai (Les Belles, The Kingdom And The Beauty) and margaret Tu Chuan (The Dream of The Red Chamber) play the two sister serpents, Pak Su-cheng and Ching Ching. Su-cheng meets Hsu Hsien (Chao Lei) one day and recognizes him as her savior in another life 1,000 years ago. She marries him to reward him but the snake-human union brings about problems beyond imagination.
Love Without End
Suen Ching Seng
Li Qingqing, an orphan, just arrives in Hong Kong and becomes a singer who sacrifices everything for her man.
Oh Boys! Oh Girls!
A Shaw Brothers comedy starring Margaret Tu Chuan and Paul Chang Chung,
The Swallow Thief
The hunt for The Swallow Thief.
When the Peach Blossoms Bloom
Papa Shen
The Shen couple had six children. For years Mr Shen had been the only one to support the family. One day, Mr Shen was on a crashed plane in Singapore and everyone believed he had died. Mrs Shen then went to Singapore to prepare for his funeral and the eldest daughter took charge of the family. However, the brothers and sisters would never listen to their eldest sister. The second brother was extremely bad-tempered and always beat the others up when they did not listen to him. The fourth sister was extremely gluttonous who would never help with any housework. The eldest sister was annoyed and could do nothing.
Forever Yours
The star crossed romance of Yu LiYing, an office worker at the local bottling plant, and Weiming (Kelly Lai Chen), an independently wealthy young man who likes Bonsai, has TB, and is likely to die in a few years. They meet when she is swimming with coworkers and sees him standing on a cliff above. She goes to him fearing he is going to commit suicide, then feels embarassed by the mistake. He, however, is smitten and soon they both fall for each other and marry despite his condition.
Love Letter Murder
Bao Li-Zhi
Early Shaw Brothers crime film
You Are My Soul
A Shaw and Sons production.
The Magic Touch
Ding Kan-Tang
Early Shaw Brothers comedy
Diau Charn
Li Ru
Based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Diau Charn is a sublime retelling of a familiar tale with iconic actress Linda Lin Dai (Lam Doi) in the titular role of Diau Charn, one of the four storied beauties of ancient China.
A Kiss for Me
A Shaw and Sons production
The Lady of Mystery
Spies, Military Documents and Traitors.
A Mellow Spring
A Shaw Brothers production
Miss Evening Sweet
A Shaw and Sons production.
Two Young Soccer Teams
Ming Li
Golden Lotus
A Hong Kong historical drama
Meet Me After Spring
This is a drama about parents disapproving a young couple's relationship and the unfortunate consequences that it has.