Joe Biden

Joe Biden

Nascimento : 1942-11-20, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA

História

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. is an American politician who is currently serving as the 46th President of the United States since 2021. He previously represented Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009 and served as the 47th Vice President of the United States from 2009 to 2017.

Perfil

Joe Biden
Joe Biden
Joe Biden

Filmes

Quintessentially Irish
Self
A celebration of all things Irish, from sweeping landscapes to traditions and quirky sense of humor.
Explorando o Desconhecido: A Máquina do Tempo Cósmica
Self - President of the United States
Siga uma equipe de engenheiros e cientistas em uma missão ambiciosa para lançar o Telescópio Espacial James Webb e dar o próximo salto gigantesco na compreensão do universo.
Syria's Ticking Time Bomb
Self (archive footage)
The severe earthquake in February 2023 has also brought northern Syria back into the international spotlight, a region that has long gone largely unnoticed. Yet a conflict has been smouldering here for years that could escalate at any time and have international repercussions: The terrorist organisation known as IS, which had its stronghold here and has been defeated militarily, could regain strength from here.
Putin and the Presidents
Self (archive footage)
FRONTLINE investigates Russian President Vladimir Putin’s clashes with multiple American presidents as he’s tried to rebuild the Russian empire. Veteran filmmaker Michael Kirk (Putin’s Revenge, Putin’s Road to War) and his team trace the miscalculations and missteps of U.S. presidents over five administrations, culminating in Putin’s invasion of Ukraine.
This Place Rules
Self (archive footage)
Acclaimed for his unfiltered reporting and deadpan humor, Andrew Callaghan brings his gonzo style reporting to the undercurrents that led to the January 6 Capitol Riot. As one of the best-known and hardest working journalists of his generation, the 25-year-old ventures on a wild RV journey through America to take the pulse of a divided nation.
Two Men at War
Self (archive footage)
As the war between Russia and Ukraine rages, this George Stephanopoulos documentary pulls back the curtain on the rise of the two men at the center of the conflict – Russian President Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.
Trump: The Comeback?
Self (archive footage)
Could Donald Trump return to the White House? He keeps hinting that he is about to attempt one of the biggest political comebacks of all time, so could it really happen? Katty Kay has reported from the US for 20 years, and now she sets off on an epic road trip across the US on the eve of the midterm elections to discover how strong support for Trump still is. Can American democracy weather the storm if he runs again?
Alex's War
Himself (Archive Footage)
Looking past caricature and propaganda to a searching and human character study, Alex's War draws on twenty-five years of Infowars archives, unprecedented personal interviews, and months of backstage access to examine the shattering of our shared national narrative through the rollercoaster career of one of America’s most infamous, charismatic and divisive public figures. Building around Jones’ first ever independent long-form interviews, behind-the-scenes footage from his studio and rallies, and full access to the Infowars archives, acclaimed director Alex Lee Moyer traces the twenty- five year rollercoaster of a career that brings him to the manic election in the winter of 2020—a moment Jones sees not just as the culmination of his lifelong mission, but the decisive point in the fate of humanity.
PRIDE: To Be Seen - A Soul of a Nation Presentation
Self (archive footage)
Um especial sobre a experiência LGBTQ que analisa como é ser visto como um membro dessa comunidade. Apresentado por Cara Delevingne.
2000 Mules
Self (archive footage)
"2000 Mules," a documentary film created by Dinesh D'Souza, exposes widespread, coordinated voter fraud in the 2020 election, sufficient to change the overall outcome.
Zelenskyy: The Man Who Took on Putin
Self (archive footage)
Pelosi's Power
Self (archive footage)
An examination of the powerful and polarizing Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi, from veteran FRONTLINE filmmaker and chronicler of U.S. politics Michael Kirk and his team. Pelosi’s Power traces Pelosi’s life and legacy, how she has gained and wielded power across three decades, and how she has faced grave challenges to her leadership and to American democracy from Trump and his allies.
Cozinhas de Emergência
Self (archive footage)
Acompanhe o chef José Andrés e a evolução de sua organização sem fins lucrativos, World Central Kitchen, ao longo de doze anos ̶ passando de um desconexo grupo de voluntários a uma das organizações de ajuda humanitária mais conceituadas no setor de assistência em catástrofes. Devido ao aumento sem precedentes dos desastres naturais causados pela mudança climática, essa história é mais importante do que nunca.
The People's Convoy
Self (archive footage)
In this video, we follow a fleet of truckers dubbed ‘The People’s Convoy’ from New Mexico to Washington D.C, weaving through small truck stop towns and catching up with old friends along the way.
China: The Uighur Tragedy
Self - Politician (archive footage)
A relentless chronicle of the tragedy of the Uighurs, an ethnic minority of some eleven million people who live in the Xinjiang region of northwest China, speak a Turkic language and practice the Muslim religion. The Uighurs suffer brutal cultural and political oppression by Xin Jinping's tyrannical government: torture, disappearances, forced labor, re-education of children and adults, mass sterilizations, extensive surveillance and destruction of historical heritage.
2021 Nunca Mais
Self (archive footage)
Esta retrospectiva de comédia combina filmagens e quadros de humor para relembrar os piores momentos — e aquele um segundo ou outro de alegria — que vivemos em 2021.
Vaccine Diplomacy
Self (archive footage)
In March 2020, the world shuts down. Billions of people were confined to their homes by a virus. As it became clear that only a vaccine could stop the pandemic, a race began between the four great powers: the USA, Europe, Russia and China. The first to develop a vaccine would gain a significant advantage in global geopolitics.
The Supporters
(self)
The comedy duo known as The Good Liars embed themselves into pro-Trump culture.
Christmas In Florida
A canceled Thanksgiving parade and no options professionally or personally, Kimberly DiPersia and Alex R. Wagner decide it would be a perfect opportunity to travel to Florida.
Monopoly: Who Owns the World?
Himself (archive footage)
Monopoly – Who Owns The World is an independent documentary produced by Tim Geilen. The film shows the institutional investment firms that sit at the top of the complex and opaque corporate pyramid structure. Monopoly shines a much-needed light on these corporations, the people behind them, and their rapacious behavior.
Madam Ex President
Self (archive footage)
The rise and fall of the presidency of Bryce Tankthrust
Roll Up Your Sleeves
Self
This variety special aims to educate viewers, raise awareness and dispel concerns surrounding the COVID-19 vaccines, all with the goal of increasing vaccination rates to put an end to the pandemic.
Air Force One: A Nova Fortaleza Voadora
Self (archive footage)
Veja a criação do novo avião presidencial dos Estados Unidos e entenda como ele foi transformado em um centro de comando ultrassecreto.
Joe Biden - Das Porträt
Celebrating America
Self
Inauguration Day special showcasing the American people’s resilience, heroism, and unified commitment to coming together as a nation to heal and rebuild.
President Biden
himself (archival footage)
FRONTLINE tells the story of how crisis and tragedy prepared Joe Biden to become America’s next president. Those who know him best describe the searing moments that shaped President-elect Biden and what those challenges reveal about how he will govern.
24 Hours: Assault on the Capitol
The detailed timeline of events surrounding the deadly siege of the U.S. Capitol and violence in Washington, D.C. on January 6, 2021.
2020 Nunca Mais
Self (archive footage)
Um olhar cômico sobre este ano bizarro pelos comentaristas mais mal-informados de todos os tempos. Dos mesmos criadores de "Black Mirror".
President in Waiting
Self
A remarkable living history of the Vice Presidency. For the first time together on film, President's Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Jimmy Carter along with Vice President's Mike Pence, Joe Biden, Dick Cheney, Al Gore, Dan Quayle and Walter Mondale help uncover the path of a once ceremonial office to that of significance. This is the story of how the Vice President evolved into one of the most powerful offices in the land told by only those who have served.
Democracy for $ale
Self - Politician (archive footage)
In the United States of America, lobbyists, corporations and billionaires invest millions of dollars to ensure that a suitable candidate, one inclined to support their personal ambitions and economic projects, wins an election, which inevitably affects everything, from the selection of local officials to presidential elections, creates countless conflicts of interest and undermines what supposedly used to be a model democracy.
In Delusion: Trump and the American Catastrophe
Self (archive footage)
In 2020, the USA experienced a multiple catastrophe: No other country in the world was hit so badly by the coronavirus pandemic, the economic slump was dramatic, and so was the rise in unemployment. A rift ran through society. In the streets there were protests of both camps with violent riots, authoritarian traits were evident in the actions of the leader of the nation. And all of this in the middle of the election year, when the self-centered president fought vehemently for his re-election. From the start of his presidency, Donald Trump had divided American society, incited individual sections of the population against one another, fueled racism, hatred, xenophobia and prejudice, insulted competitors and denigrated critical journalists as enemies of the people. The documentary shows how this could happen and what role the targeted disinformation of certain sections of the population through manipulative media played.
The Choice 2020: Trump vs. Biden
Self (archive foorage)
A look into what has shaped President Donald Trump and presidential candidate Joe Biden, where they came from and how they lead.
Um Outro Olhar
Self (archive footage)
Inspirado no best-seller do New York Times # 1, o filme The Way I See It, de Dawn Porter, mostra um olhar sem precedentes nos bastidores de dois dos presidentes mais icônicos da história americana, Barack Obama e Ronald Reagan, visto pelos olhos do renomado fotógrafo Pete Souza. Como fotógrafo oficial da Casa Branca, Souza foi uma testemunha ocular da responsabilidade única e tremenda de ser a pessoa mais poderosa da Terra. O filme revela como Souza se transforma de um fotojornalista respeitado em um comentarista ácido sobre os problemas que enfrentamos como país e como povo.
Riding the Dragon
Self (archive footage)
Uncover the secret world of Joe Biden and his family's relationship to China and the sinister business deals that enriched them at America's expense.
American Deep State
Self
Examines the possibility that elected U.S governments must follow the rules set by Washington bureaucratic institutions.
Worth the Price? Joe Biden and the Launch of the Iraq War
Self (archive footage)
Worth the Price? Joe Biden and the Launch of the Iraq War is a documentary short reviewing the role of then-Senator Joe Biden (D-DE) in leading the United States into the most devastating foreign policy blunder of the last twenty years. Produced and directed by Mark Weisbrot and narrated by Danny Glover, the film features archival footage, as well as policy experts who provide insight and testimony with regard to Joe Biden’s role as the Chair of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in 2002.
Created Equal: Clarence Thomas in His Own Words
Self (archive footage)
Justice Thomas tells his entire life’s story, looking directly at the camera, speaking frankly to the audience. Unscripted and without narration, the documentary takes the viewer through a complex and often painful life, dealing with race, faith, power, jurisprudence, and personal resilience.
Frontline: America's Great Divide
Self - Fmr. Vice President
A deep look into the growing divide in America from the Barack Obama era through the presidency of Donald Trump.
A Inventora: À Procura de Sangue no Vale do Silício
Self (archive footage)
Com uma nova invenção mágica que prometia revolucionar os testes de sangue, Elizabeth Holmes tornou-se a bilionária mais jovem do mundo, anunciada como o próximo Steve Jobs. Então, durante a noite, sua empresa de US $ 10 bilhões se dissolveu. A ascensão e queda de Theranos é uma janela para a psicologia da fraude.
Biden
This fascinating new documentary examines Joe Biden's 2020 run for the presidency of the United States. The former Vice President and political legend will give it everything he has to defeat Donald Trump. But one question remains, do Biden's best days lie ahead?
Panic: The Untold Story of the 2008 Financial Crisis
Self (archive footage)
This documentary looks at the factors that led to the 2008 financial crisis and the efforts made by then Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson, Federal Reserve Bank of New York President Timothy Geithner, and Federal Reserve Chair Ben Bernanke to save the United States from an economic collapse.
Fahrenheit 9/11
Self
Michael Moore's provocative documentary explores the two most important questions of the Trump Era: How the fuck did we get here, and how the fuck do we get ou
King Bibi
Twenty years before the spectacle of Donald Trump, Benjamin Netanyahu already understood the political benefits of a toxic relationship with the media, and direct communication with the public. King Bibi explores Netanyahu's rise to power, relying solely on archival footage of his media performances over the years: from his days as a popular guest expert on American TV, through his public confession of adultery, and his mastery of the art of social media. From one studio to another, "Bibi" evolved from Israel's great political hope, to a controversial figure whom some perceive as Israel's savior, and others - as a cynical politician who will stop at nothing to retain his power.
The Road to Mass Incarceration
Self
This video, The Road to Mass Incarceration, by Greenhouse Media summarizes criminal justice policy decisions dating back to the 1960s. Although the effects often took decades to manifest, each of these policy shifts increased the rate of incarceration in the U.S. The video ends with many of the architects of these changes, Democrats and Republicans alike, admitting the failure of these policies and suggesting that it is time for real change.
John McCain: Por quem os Sinos Dobram
Self (archive footage)
Conheça a história do Senador de Arizona, John McCain, cuja recente batalha contra o câncer resume a coragem e força moral de um homem que passou mais de cinco anos como prisioneiro de guerra no Vietnã, e que ao retornar construiu uma ilustre carreira de 31 anos no Congresso do Estados Unidos.
Papa Francisco: Um Homem de Palavra
Self - Former Vice President
Em uma era de profunda descrença dos políticos e pessoas no poder, Papa Francisco é representado pelas suas muitas visitas espirituais pelo mundo e suas respostas às questões globais atuais sobre morte, justiça social, imigração, ecologia, desigualdade econômica, materialismo e o papel da família.
A Juíza
Self (archive footage)
Um retrato íntimo da improvável estrela do rock, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Com acesso sem precedentes, são exploradas suas primeiras batalhas jurídicas e como elas mudaram o mundo para as mulheres.
Palavras Que Construíram a América
Reader - The Constitution
A HBO apresenta um especial sobre o "4 de julho", com os documentos constitucionais dos Estados Unidos.
Eu Sou a Evidência
Self (Archival Footage)
Estima-se que, todos os anos, centenas de milhares de kits de estupro não foram testados nas instalações de armazenamento da polícia estadunidense. Este documentário explora a maneira chocante como os casos de violência sexual foram processados historicamente nos Estados Unidos.
The 44th President: In His Own Words
Self
Comprised of two interviews with President Barack Obama conducted both before and after the 2016 Presidential election, The 44th President: In His Own Words is the President’s first-hand account of his time in office–his successes, his failures, his unfinished business–and what he hopes will be his legacy. Including additional interviews with members of his staff, Congress, and the press, The 44th President: In His Own Words is a unique examination of the Obama presidency from the inside out, and a profound and candid historical record that will stand for generations.
VICE Special Report: A House Divided
Self
President Obama speaks to 'VICE' about the post-election political climate and the fierce partisan fighting that dominated his Presidency.
National Museum of African American History and Culture Grand Opening Ceremony
Self
The grand opening dedication ceremony of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture.
Newtown
Self (archive footage)
Um olhar sobre como a comunidade de Newtown, em Connecticut, se reuniu após o maior tiroteio em massa de crianças em idade escolar na história americana.
Imminent Threat
Self (archive footage)
A look at the War on Terror and the threat it's causing to our civil liberties and political discourse. Academy Award nominee James Cromwell presents Janek Ambros' directorial debut. The feature doc tackles the War on Terror's impact on civil liberties and the strange coalition it's creating between the progressive left and libertarian right. The doc examines the NSA, drones, the war on journalism and other encroachments on civil liberties started by the Bush era and expanded by the Democratic establishment.
Who Is Vermin Supreme? An Outsider Odyssey
Self
Vermin Supreme is no ordinary presidential candidate. Promising a free pony for every American, a fully funded time travel research program, and unprecedented zombie preparedness initiatives for a new American Republic, he truly is the people's candidate and the friendly fascist par excellence. "Who Is Vermin Supreme? An Outsider Odyssey" follows Vermin Supreme's raucous 2012 campaign from the Rainbow Gathering in the the Cherokee National Forest to the Democratic and Republican National Conventions to Occupy Wall Street protests, and all the way to heart of the American Empire in Washington, DC. From the unsettling gravitas of marauding riot police to the unbridled joy of songs sung for police officers and pranks played on anti-abortion fanatics, "Who Is Vermin Supreme?" is certain to show you America as you've never seen it before.
War on Whistleblowers: Free Press and the National Security State
Self - Vice President (archive footage)
War on Whistleblowers: Free Press and the National Security State highlights four cases where whistleblowers noticed government wrong-doing and took to the media to expose the fraud and abuse. It exposes the surprisingly worsening and threatening reality for whistleblowers and the press. The film includes interviews with whistleblowers Michael DeKort, Thomas Drake, Franz Gayl and Thomas Tamm and award-winning journalists like David Carr, Lucy Dalglish, Glenn Greenwald, Seymour Hersh, Michael Isikoff, Bill Keller, Eric Lipton, Jane Mayer, Dana Priest, Tom Vanden Brook and Sharon Weinberger.
Anita
Self (archive footage)
The story of young, brilliant African-American Anita Hill who accuses the Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas of unwanted sexual advances during explosive Senate Hearings in 1991 and ignites a political firestorm about sexual harassment, race, power and politics that resonates today.
The House I Live In
Self (archive footage) (uncredited)
In the past 40 years, the War on Drugs has accounted for 45 million arrests, made America the world's largest jailer, and destroyed impoverished communities at home and abroad. Yet drugs are cheaper, purer, and more available today than ever. Where did we go wrong?
2016: Obama's America
Self (archive footage)
2016: Obama's America leva o público em uma emocionante jornada visual até o coração do escritório mais poderoso do mundo, para revelar a luta entre a possibilidade de o passado de um homem redefinir a América nos próximos quatro anos. O filme examina a questão: "Se Obama ganhar um segundo mandato, onde estaremos em 2016?" Em todo o mundo e na América, as pessoas em 2008 ansiavam por um líder que se unisse e nos levantasse da turbulência econômica e da guerra. Fiel aos ideais das Américas, eles investiram sua esperança em um novo tipo de presidente, Barack Obama. O que eles não sabiam é que Obama é um homem com um passado que o define de forma poderosa - quem ele é, como ele pensa, e onde ele pretende levar a América e o mundo. Imerso em locais exóticos em quatro continentes, o autor mais vendido Dinesh DSouza corre contra o tempo para encontrar respostas para o passado de Obama e revelar como será a América em 2016.
Top Priority: The Terror Within
Self - U.S. Vice President (archive footage)
Federal officer with the Department of Homeland Security discovers a national security breach related to the entry of 23 aliens from terrorist countries into the United States. Customs and Border Protection Commissioner, former head of the DEA Robert Bonner can't afford any more media scrutiny, since his incompetence was already exposed in the NASA 'Challenger' disaster. To avoid the scandal, the full might of the government is unleashed against Julia Davis, her family and witnesses. This retaliation reaches an unprecedented magnitude, including four unexplained deaths, Hollywood and the Mafia, false imprisonments and the use of Blackhawk helicopters and airplanes for warrantless surveillance. Amidst many shocking revelations, this documentary provides a new insight into the deaths of well-known Hollywood figures unwittingly dragged into this scandal. The truth is no longer a secret.
Shadows of Liberty
Self - US Vice President (archive footage)
Shadows of Liberty presents the phenomenal true story of today's disintegrating freedoms within the U.S. media, and government, that they don't want you to see. The film takes an intrepid journey through the darker corridors of the American media landscape, where global media conglomerates exercise extraordinary political, social, and economic power. The overwhelming collective power of these firms raises troubling questions about democracy. Highly revealing interviews, actuality, and archive material, tell insider accounts of a broken media system, where journalists are prevented from pursuing controversial news stories, people are censored for speaking out against abuses of government power, and individual lives are shattered as the arena for public expression has been turned into a private profit zone
The Undefeated
Self - Vice Presidential Candidate (archive footage)
A documentary that chronicles Sarah Palin's pre-political life; her tenure as Governor of Alaska, and her time spent as John McCain's running mate.
I Want Your Money
Self (archive footage)
Two versions of the American dream now stand in sharp contrast. One views the money you earned as yours and best allocated by you; the other believes that an elite in Washington knows best how to allocate your wealth. One champions the traditional American dream, which has played out millions of times through generations of Americans, of improving one's lot in life and even daring to dream and build big. The other holds that there is no end to the "good" the government can do by taking and spending other peoples' money in an ever-burgeoning list of programs. The documentary film I Want Your Money exposes the high cost in lost freedom and in lost opportunity to support a Leviathan-like bureaucratic state.
Vancouver 2010 Olympic Opening Ceremony
Self
Opening Ceremony
By the People: The Election of Barack Obama
Self
By the People: The Election of Barack Obama is a documentary film produced by Edward Norton broadcast in November 2009 on HBO, which follows Barack Obama and various members of his campaign team, including David Axelrod, through the two years leading up to the United States presidential election on November 4th, 2008.
Fall of the Republic: The Presidency of Barack H. Obama
Self (archive footage)
Fall Of The Republic documents how an offshore corporate cartel is bankrupting the US economy by design. Leaders are now declaring that world government has arrived and that the dollar will be replaced by a new global currency.
Capitalismo: Uma História de Amor
Self (archive footage)
Na sequência do colapso da economia mundial, em 2008, a classe média americana enfrenta atualmente a maior taxa de desemprego dos últimos 26 anos, tendo atingido os dois dígitos (Out/2009). Decidido a encontrar respostas que todos anseiam, Michael Moore entra em ação pedindo explicações ao poder político e às instituições financeiras. Apontando o dedo ao capitalismo, no seu estilo tão característico.
New World Order
Self (archive footage)
Filmmakers Luke Myer and Andrew Neel make it real hard to just laugh away the crazy conspiracy theorists in their new feature documentary, New World Order. In fact, what they do instead, is humanize their efforts. What makes the documentary work is that rather than focusing on the theories, Myer and Neel focus on the people.
Barack Obama: The Power of Hope
Self
Join us as we follow Barack Obama on his historic journey to the Democratic nomination and the American Presidency. We will take you to his first triumph in the Iowa Caucuses through pivotal primary campaign moments to his game-changing nomination as the Democratic Party s candidate for President of the United States. Then relive the dramatic to and fro of the Presidential and Vice Presidential Debates as the national opinion polls mimicked the action. And finally, join the crowd at Grant Park in Chicago to watch Barack Obama announce his breathtaking election victory to become Commander-in-Chief of the most powerful nation in the world.
Convention
Self (archive footage)
A group of documentary filmmakers chronicle the 2008 Democratic National Convention.
Bigger Stronger Faster*
Self (archive footage)
In America, we define ourselves in the superlative: we are the biggest, strongest, fastest country in the world. Is it any wonder that so many of our heroes are on performance enhancing drugs? Director Christopher Bell explores America's win-at-all-cost culture by examining how his two brothers became members of the steroid-subculture in an effort to realize their American dream.
Echolalia
Self
Echolalia is the meaningless repetition of words or phrases associated with forms of dementia and aphasia. In the build-up to the war in Iraq certain phrases were endlessly repeated to the point where these empty rhetorical phrases were confused with concrete facts. I tried to record as many instances of people repeating the phrase “weapons of mass destruction” as I could stand and represent these statements in a way that draws attention to the deadening effect of their repetition, however emphatically they are expressed.
Strange Justice
Self - Clarence Thomas Hearing (archive footage)
"Fact-based story about the sexual harassment suit filed by Anita Hill during the appointment trials of Clarence Thomas for the Supreme Court during the George Bush Presidential administration. The film gives both parties a fairly even presentation and does not try to assess blame. It does, however, show a lot of background political maneuvering that took place, particularly on the part of Kenneth Duberstein, an administrative spin doctor."
Waco: The Rules of Engagement
Self - U.S. Senate (archive footage) (uncredited)
In one of the most tragic face-offs in the history of law enforcement, the deadly debacle at Waco pitted the Branch Davidian sect against the FBI in an all-out war. This documentary makes the most of footage and recordings to examine how the events that led to the tragedy of April 19, 1993, unfolded, and how the FBI's unrelenting approach made what was already a bad situation much worse.
HOW TO GET DRY ICE IN MASSACHUSETTS
Self (archive footage)
Dry ice ain’t easy to come by these days. Especially in Massachusetts. But you probably had no idea, right? You think this doesn’t affect you? Think again. The shortage actually says a lot about society. Try being less ignorant next time. You’ll be alright though, here’s a tutorial(s).
O Garoto que Hackeou o Twitter
Elon Musk, Bill Gates, Kanye West, Joe Biden, Barack Obama e outros estavam sendo hackeados. Quem conseguiu enganar o Twitter? Um garoto de 17 anos de Tampa.