Shawn Yue

Shawn Yue

出生 : 1981-11-13, Hong Kong, China

略歴

Shawn Yue Man-lok is a Hong Kong actor and singer. He started out as a model and made his first movie appearance in an independent film called Leaving Sorrowfully in 2001. Yu first gained popularity in Taiwan with the television series Tomorrow and subsequently played supporting roles in high profile films such as Infernal Affairs II and Initial D. The actor is known for his leading roles in Pang Ho-cheung's "Love in the Puff" series.

プロフィール写真

Shawn Yue

参加作品

Monster Run
Meng Ge
Ji Mo is an outcast, due to her ability to see monsters that no one else can. One day, she meets a monster hunter, Meng. She discovers that there really are monsters in the world, and she is involved in a new storm.
The Brink
Shing
Reckless police inspector Sai Gau (Zhang Jin) is on a mission to crack down on criminal Shing's (Shawn Yue) gold smuggling scheme, yet fails to arrest him. As Sai Gau continues his manhunt, he discovers Shing's involvement with triad boss Blackie (Yasuaki Kurata), who hides on a casino cruise ship on the high seas. Shing has been involved in a power struggle within the smuggling ring, and is forced to kill his adopted father. He also loses his share of gold smuggling to Blackie. To get even, Shing appears on the cruise, while Sai Gau is there to hunt for him.
悟空伝
Erlang Shen
宮の女神・上聖天尊(じょうせいてんそん)が天と地を統治していた時代。あるとき魔王が天宮に戦いを挑むが敗北、砕けた体が地上へと散る。一方、上聖天尊の娘である阿紫(あし)は、天命を絶対視して情を否定する母の考えに疑問を抱いていた。やがて、魔王のかけらから転生した孫悟空が天界を襲撃。悟空とそれを迎え撃つ武神・楊セン(ようせん)、巻き込まれた阿紫らは激闘の中で人間界へ落下、仙力を失ってしまう。
恋の紫煙3
Jimmy
Shawn Yue and Miriam Yeung reprise their popular roles as a star-crossed couple who strive to stay together happily ever after, only to find their already precarious relationship further strained, when Jimmy’s childhood friend asks him to donate sperm, and Cherie is troubled by the re-marriage of her father.
Mad World
Tung
An absentee father and his bipolar son are forced to live together as they struggle with a recent family tragedy. The tension and anxiety boil as they live and try to cope in a tiny apartment. As time passes, they realize their shared pain is not their only source of grief, as they find the outside world is a cruel and unjust place.
Keeper of Darkness
Lau Kong
Street-smart exorcist Fatt has an unique method of dealing with vengeful spirits: He negotiates with them and persuades them to let go of their grudges. After recordings of his exorcisms go viral, Fatt attracts the attentions of a murderous spirit who’s targeting mediums, as well as a troublesome reporter who takes great interest in Fatt and his close relationship with a female spirit.
ワイルド・シティ
Kwok Sui-Chung
2007年以後、長らく映画界から遠ざかっていたラム監督が、久々に現役に復帰して、息詰まる銃撃戦やカーチェイスなど、いまなお切れ味衰えぬスリルと刺激満点のアクション演出を存分に披露。組織の闇金を持ち逃げした美女と知り合ったことから、思わぬ騒動に巻き込まれる主人公の兄弟をルイス・クーとショーン・ユーが好演。
ヘリオス 赤い諜報戦
范家明
韓国で“ヘリオス”という犯罪組織の使者たちが、小型の核兵器DC-8を強奪する。香港警察のリー隊長は、ヘリオスの取引の情報をつかみ、核の専門家であるシウ教授と策を立てる。韓国の国家情報院のチェ理事官と護衛のパク諜報員も香港に飛ぶ。
From Vegas to Macau II
Vincent
Following his confrontation with the nefarious DOA organization, Ken (Chow Yun Fat) is looking forward to going back to enjoying his retirement. His rest is cut abruptly short when his protégé Vincent (Shawn Yue), who's now working for Interpol, asks for Ken's help in taking down the real mastermind behind DOA, Aoi. The two head to Thailand, where DOA's former chief accountant Mark (Nick Cheung) has escaped with his daughter.
Girls
Qiao Li
The happy lives of three best friends from school are brutally upended when Hei (Ivy Chen) breaks up with her fiancé (Wallace Chung). High flyer Kimmy (Fiona Sit) and director May (Yang Zishan) close ranks to help a devastated Hei move on, but she clings to her old feelings despite meeting a highly eligible prospect (Shawn Yue). Whilst May considers leaving the film set to travel the world with a free spirited musician (Vanness Wu); rivalry over the same guy threatens to tear Kimmy and May apart. An unexpected, shocking incident provides a climactic test. Can the girls keep their friendship together?
Aberdeen
Dan
The extended Cheng family, which, like Aberdeen harbor’s Chinese namesake, represents today’s Little Hong Kong and its myriad of contradictions between traditions and modernity; superstitions and materialism; family and individuality.
Golden Chickensss
Nerd Whoremaster with body odor
Working as a prostitute since she was 16, Kam has witnessed the highs and lows of Hong Kong over the decades. Kamis now a “madam” who manages a stable of high-end prostitutes, entertaining and hosting parties for rich men. She has seen it all. On the surface she embraces the prosperity of the ‘New HK’ but like countless middle-class HK citizens, she laments the lossof the old Hong Kong that once belonged to the people. Over the hill mob boss, Gordon, was put behind bars before the Hong Kong Handover in 1997. Gordon’s appearance and mindset are still stuck in the colonial past. Recently released from prison, he is unable to cope with the New Hong Kong. His sole source of solace is his old flame, Kam.
ファイアー・レスキュー
Chau
ある火災現場で無謀な行動を取ってケガを負い、昇進を逃した消防士のサム。元同僚のイップが所長を務める龍鼓灘消防署で勤務する彼だったが、ついにほかの署への栄転異動が決定する。そんな矢先、醸酢工場で起きた火災の消火に向かったサム、チウ、ホイらは、工場裏に発電所とつながった天然ガスパイプがあるのを目にする。火事で上昇した地熱によるパイプの火災発生の可能性をイップに報告して対策に当たる許可を求めるが、その意見は退けられてしまう。
SDU: Sex Duties Unit
Josh
The Special Duties Unit (SDU) is an elite paramilitary tactical unit of the Hong Kong Police Force and is considered one of the world's finest in its role. But being the best carries its own burdens. Like everyone else, they go through troubles with love, with family and with their jobs. And sometimes they get horny. This touching story is about Special Duties Unit Team B and their trip to Macau for a weekend of unadulterated debauchery.
フライング・ギロチン
Haidu
清朝5代皇帝の雍正帝は、政敵たちを一掃するため、精鋭の暗殺部隊“血滴子”をひそかに結成。必殺の武器・空飛ぶギロチンを自在に操る彼らは、人々に恐れられることに。幼なじみの義兄弟のうち、冷は“血滴子”の一員、一方、海都は皇太子のおそばで育ち、やがて鉄砲隊のリーダーへと成長。天狼率いる遊牧民たちが清朝に反旗を翻したのを受けて、海都も、冷ら“血滴子”の仲間とともに討伐隊に加わり、遊牧民たちのあとを追う。
Motorway
Chan Cheung
Two police pursuit drivers, a hothead rookie and his long-suffering, almost-retired mentor, face off against an escape car driver from the latter's past.
Lacuna
Shen Wei
Shen Wei and Tong Xin wake up one morning in a bed, with no idea what happened or even who the person in bed with them is. The two split with few words, but each is missing something. What is actually happening last night?
恋の紫煙2
Jimmy
When old flames reunite, will it be second time's the charm or a case of once bitten twice shy? Jimmy and Cherie, two ex-lovers from Hong Kong, cross paths in Beijing and can't seem to forget each other, despite being involved with someone else. Torn between fidelity towards their new partners or following their hearts, they explore the struggles, doubts and fears that exist among modern young couples.
The Second Woman
Fong Yik Nan
One suspects writer-director Carol Lai may have harboured some Black Swan ambitions with a tale that also centers around a stage practitioner who embarks on an unwitting destructive journey when playing a role to die for. The Second Woman, whose Chinese title Romance Riddle may hold better clues as to how this film developed, being more of a guessing game that threw constant clues rather than a overly romantic film about twins falling in love with a man who decided it's perfectly OK to string both women along, until he discovers that this spells double trouble.
The Child's Eye
Lok
Bangkok, November 2008. Six young holidaymakers from Hong Kong are stranded in Bangkok when the airport is occupied by demonstrators demanding the prime minister's resignation: Rainie and Lok, who are on the verge of breaking up, Ling and her brother Rex, and Ciwi and her boyfriend Hei. Their driver takes them to the old Chung Tai Hotel, run by Chuen, where strange things start happening as soon as they arrive: Rainie sees a female ghost and Ling a disembodied hand. At dinner that night, the three men mysteriously disappear. Under Rainie's leadership, the three girls - helped by the young Man-man and her ghost-seeing dog Little Huang - set out to try and find them in the hotel's underground passages, in between being haunted by the female ghost and a strange monster.
レジェンド・オブ・フィスト 怒りの鉄拳
General Zeng
1925年、様々な国の思惑が入り乱れ、不穏な空気に満ちた上海。抗日活動に身を投じていたチェン・ジェンは、要人が集まるナイトクラブ「カサブランカ」へ潜入し、各国の怪しい動きを諜報していた。そんな折り、反日感情を持つ人々の命が狙われる。同胞の身を守るため、全身黒ずくめの仮面の戦士と化したチェン・ジェンは、ついに怒りの鉄拳を奮いたたせる!!95年のTVシリーズ「精武門」の劇場版。
Reign of Assassins
Lei Bin
Set in ancient China, Zeng Jing is a skilled assassin who finds herself in possession of a mystical Buddhist monk's remains. She begins a quest to return the remains to its rightful resting place, and thus places herself in mortal danger because a team of assassins is in a deadly pursuit to possess the remains which holds an ancient power-wielding secret.
Curse of the Deserted
Gene
Young writer Guo (Shawn Yue) wrote about a titular curse in his book, “The Deserted Village”. It began 500 years ago in the Ming Dynasty, when one of the villagers died of terminal illness. The widow Yanzi vowed to stay with her husband forever but when the man suddenly returned to life. The horrified neighbours believed that he was a monster. They burned him to death and torched his mansion. The devastated Yanzi upheld her vow and threw herself into the fire. Since then, the village was cursed and the mansion subsequent inhabitant dies mysteriously. Some say only couples who share true love can survive in that village. Those who are unfaithful will come to their demise. To the world, the book was pure fiction. Only Guo and his ex-girlfriend Zhi (Kitty Zhang) had lived through the horror to know its existence. When four college students decided to explore the village themselves, the trip led them to an ancient well in Yanzi’s mansion, where the curse was unleashed once again.
恋の紫煙
Jimmy
When the Hong Kong government enacts a ban on smoking cigarettes indoors, hard-core smokers are driven outside and a budding romance develops between two co-workers.
Hot Summer Days
In "Hot Summer Days" a hot summer heat wave engulfs the Chinese territory, while the movie covers the lives of various characters during that time. There's chaffeur Wah who tries to woo foot masseur Li Yan via text messages, air conditioner repairman Ah Wai interested in biker girl Ding Dong, a master sushi chef who spurns the love of writer Wasabi, country hick Da Fu who tries to impress teddy bear factory worker Xiao Qi Angela Baby by standing out in the hot noon sun for 100 days, & photographer Leslie Guan & assistant attempting to track down a woman who they believed cursed the photographer into blindness ...
Heroic Detective
Heroic Detective is a re-edited TV-Movie from the Series Pandaman starring Eric Tsang and Shawn Yu.
Rebellion
Ng Bo
In a district within Hong Kong five gangs have an uneasy truce as they all work within the area. Chaos then ensues when triad leader Jimmy is shot. Jimmy's wife Cheung Wah then appoints his bodyguard Po as the temporary leader of the gang over Jimmy's #2 man Blackie. Po must now find the assassin, control the seething Blackie, and keep their rival gangs at bay before all hell breaks loose...
I Come with the Rain
Meng Zi
Kline, a former Los Angeles police officer turned private detective, is hired by a powerful pharmaceutical conglomerate boss to investigate in Asia the disappearance of his only son, Shitao, whom he has not seen in person since the boy was ten. Now in his 30s, Shitao has gone missing in the Philippines where he had been helping in an orphanage.
Orchestrated Mayhem: The Making of Invisible Target
Himself
A behind-the-scenes look at the making of Benny Chan's Invisible Target (2007) including interviews with the major stars of the film and the production crew.
Rule Number One
Lee
Rookie Sergeant Lee is injured in a shoot-out and is assigned to the dubious-sounding Miscellaneous Affairs Department (MAD). There, he is paired up with Inspector Wong, a jaded and alcoholic veteran who explains that MAD’s role is to answer supernatural calls. Wong explains MAD’s rule number one - there are no ghosts. For every seemingly inexplicable phenomenon, there is a corresponding scientific and rational explanation.
Playboy Cops
Michael Mak Ho Man
Two off-the-wall detectives go in search for a killer, while vying for the affections of a young woman.
The Moss
Jan
A Hong Kong cop is struggling for his survival in the underground world, a place filled with criminals and low life people like moss in rotting hell.
Trivial Matters
Lok
7 Short Story Collection from Hong Kong popular director, Elmond Pang. All about social problem in Hong Kong, delivered in a satirical way.
In Love with the Dead
Tuan Yan Ming
In Hong Kong, the successful designer Ming lives with his beloved girlfriend Wai Luk and her younger sister who loves ghost story comic books. When Wai is diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, Ming's life is turned upside-down, and he sacrifices his career to spend more time with Wai. He finds a new job in a lower position and out of the blue he finds that his new boss, Chu Fong, was his old friend in elementary school. When Wai gives up chemotherapy she decides to treat herself in accordance with the traditional Chinese medicine guided by her aunt. She has a weird behavior at home, and her frightened sister insists that she is a ghost. Meanwhile, Ming gets closer to Fong, who is a successful entrepreneur but a woman needy of love. During a trip to Peking, they have one night stand. Over the next days, Ming and Fong have a love affair and Ming believes that Wai is a spirit resolving her issues to move to the next level.
Invisible Target
Inspector Carson Fong Yik Wei
Three cops team up to bring down a criminal gang of seven, who have their own hidden agenda.
Shamo
Ryo Narushima
Ryo Narushima is a student who has served prison time for killing his parents. Once he is released, he trains to become a professional kick-boxer.
Love in the City
Yang Le
Young traffic cop Yang Le (Shawn Yue) sees kindergarten teacher Xiao You (Gao Yuanyuan) leading her kids to cross the road everyday. While he starts to have special feelings for her, he suddenly learns from a friend that she is a deaf-mute. Meanwhile, Yang's half-brother has a crush on a super star (Naoko Miyake) while working as her Chinese interpreter. But she will leave China when shooting is over. Can the four find true love in the end?
Undercover
Feng
Feng (Shawn Yue) is a former undercover cop whose post-assignment life has begun to rapidly disintegrate. Feng and former triad brother Fai (Sam Lee of Gen-X Cops) are caught using cocaine, and the ensuing melee leaves a police detective dead, with Fai fingered as the culprit. Fai must go on the run, but he no longer trusts Feng, who he believes may be leveraging their brotherhood for advancement in the police ranks.
Infernal Affairs Trilogy (Chronological Edition)
Young Chan Wing Yan
Diary
Wai-ha (Ray)
Winnie Leung becomes more disturbed and depressed after her boyfriend Seth Lau breaks up with her and she turns schizophrenic - imagining events which never occurred, and often living in her own world- until one day she meets a guy named Ray, bearing a close resemblance to Seth. Seeing this, her best friend Yvonne encourages her to go out with Hou so she can forget her misery and start over. As time passes, Winnie realises that the relationship with Ray is so alike her previous relationship with Seth, and when things seem to be running smoothly, the relationship begins to sours, just like with Seth. She begins to doubt his feelings and the lines between reality and fantasy start blurring again for her, leading her to question: did this all exist in the first place?
Wo Hu
The Hong Kong Police placed 1000 undercover officers in the various Triad groups in their efforts to bring down the criminal organization in Hong Kong. After one undercover officer's identity is discovered and he is killed, the pressure is put on one gang, suspicious of each other and everyone around them. Betrayal, deceit and murder bring this group of 'brothers' into a collision with the law, and each other.
Dragon Tiger Gate
Turbo Shek
Three young martial arts masters emerge from the back streets of Hong Kong to help the powerless fight injustice.
Isabella
Man at Bar
A Macao police officer's bachelor life is interrupted by the daughter he never knew he fathered.
McDull, the Alumni
Policeman relaying order to Law Diner
In McDull, the Alumni, our protagonist has grown up. He is no longer the little boy who banters with his mates at school. How he wishes he could just go on bantering all day long with his mates at the renowned Flower on the Spring Field Kindergarten. But that is not to be. Like all grown-ups, he has to grapple with harsh reality. McDull and his mates are scattered all over the place. Each one of them has to find his or her own path. In each of their hearts, they know they have failed. Meanwhile, life goes on in the kindergarten. Someone strums a guitar and the pupils chime in to the song: Puff the magic dragon, lives by the sea… A dragon lives forever, but not so little boys. With hindsight, McDull believes this could well be the maxim of the Flower on the Spring Field Kindergarten alumni.
Dragon Squad
Officer Hung Kei-Lok
A team of Interpol agents arrive in the city to testify against a local crime lord. However on the way to court the vehicle carrying the Triad boss is attacked and the crime lord snatched, not by his own people but by another foe.
頭文字[イニシャル]D THE MOVIE
Takeshi Nakazato
藤原拓海はとうふ屋を営む父の文太と二人暮らし。友人の樹と一緒にガソリンスタンドでアルバイトをしている普通の高校生だが、毎日、父のハチロク(AE86トレノ)で峠道の配達することで凄いドラテクを身につけていた。文太は伝説の走り屋で拓海は無意識に父の英才教育を受けていたのだ。ある日、チーム「妙義ナイトキッズ」のリーダー、中里毅がガソリンスタンドにやってきた。樹はバトルに挑むがあえなく惨敗。その晩、中里は峠で信じられないドラテクのハチロクに遭遇する。一方、拓海は、幼なじみのなつきから海へデートに誘われ、喜びを隠し切れないが、なつきは影でベンツに乗った男と援助交際していた。
Colour of the Loyalty
As befits a full-blooded Jiang Hu (underworld) antic, COTL takes place over the course of a short, frenetic period, feeling to all intents and purposes like one night. It encompasses plenty of gore and cadavers (unless you get the sanitized, inferior mainland version), relying to a large extent on so-called triad codes of honor and organizational culture. At its core resides old boss Dragon Brother, done by Eric Tsang in a repast from his barrage of comical roles and commercial endorsements. The head wants to retire, leading to chaos in gangland as everybody else desires his position and accumulated fortune. Following his fateful announcement, two rival Mafioso's become potential enemies as Dragon Brother and concubine (Suki Kwan) aim to leave Hong Kong in order to start a new life in Europe.
Super Model
Interviewee praising Mandom
Super model Mandom (Ronald Cheng) is very famous in the field. One day, he is threatened by someone, asking him not to attend a model competition. Mandom calls for police and Madam Cheung (Karena Lam) is sent to bodyguard him 24 hours a day. However they have hostile feeling to each other. At the same time, Mandom also faces a challenger Fantasy (Sammy). How can Mandom fight against Fantasy in the model competition?
Jiang Hu
Wing
When Triad leader Hung considers leaving the world of the gangsters, a brutal war begins in the world of jiang-hu. Meanwhile, an internal conflict begins between Hung and his best man, Left-Hand.
インファナル・アンフェア 無間笑
Crazy Tom
警察学校の間抜けな3人がマフィア組織への潜入を命じられる。警部の指示に従い、組織のサムの手下になった彼らだが、実は警部の本当の目的は別のところにあった……。
In-Laws, Out-Laws
An ensemble comedy centering on a family's hijinks around Lunar New Year, based on a hit television show.
1:99 Shorts
11)
Shorts made by 11 directors in order to fight against the SARS epidemy that occurred in China and Hong Kong in 2003. The shorts were produced by the Information Service Departement of the Government of HK SAR. The aim was to bring back confidence to the HK popuation. The running-time is 1 to 2 minutes for each short.12 Short films: 1-"Rhapsody", director: Johnny To and Wai Ka-fai; 2-"My Sow Is Not Feeling Well", director: Fruit Chan; 3-"Smile", director: Teddy Chen; 4-"Of a Cause" (Animation) director: Tsui Hark; 5-"Hong Kong - A Winner", director: Stephen Chow; 6-"Who's Miss Hong Kong?", director: Joe Ma; 7-"Family of Heroes", director: Alex Law and Mabel Cheung; 8-"Until Then", director: Gordon Chan and Dante Lam; 9- "McDull 1:99" director: Brian Tse; 10-"Spring, 2003", director: Peter Chan; 11-"A Glorious Future", director: Andrew Lau and Alan Mak; 12-"Making of 1:99", director: Wong Shou-Ping.
インファナル・アフェアIII 終極無間
Young Chan Wing-Yan
警官として生きること選んだラウは、警察内に残る潜入マフィアたちを始末してきた。だが、大物密輸商人シェンとエリート警官ヨンがラウの前に立ちはだかる。
Hidden Track
Yu Wenle
Pu Pu is dumped by her boyfriend whom she loves. Before she moves out, she asks to listen to "their song" just one more time, that is the hidden track by Jay Chou. Then she leaves him and goes to her sister's place in Hong Kong. All the while she is there, she searches for the same song, the "hidden track", and from this it leads her onto a journey of discovering love and a new beginning. Despite the whole movie revolving around Jay Chou's song, Jay Chou plays only a cameo part.
インファナル・アフェアII 無間序曲
Chan Wing-Yan
1991年、香港マフィアのドンが暗殺される。ウォン警部は次のボスに扱いやすいサムがなることを望むが、結局ドンの次男ハウが権力を握る。
Feel 100% 2003
Jerry
Comedy - Jerry and Lok are best buddies with a common goal - to find their respective, perfect goddess. But competition ensues when they both discover Cherie and the two friends wager to see who can win Cherie's heart before the other. - Shawn Yue, Cyrus Wong, Stephy Tang
Diva: Ah Hey
Wing
An aspiring songbird (Charlene Choi) gets a chance to prove her worth when she is asked to ghost-sing on a pop star's (Niki Chow) album.
My Lucky Star
Policeman at boat yard
Yip is attractive but for some strange reason, no man has ever been interested in her. Yip meets Lai, a famous feng shui expert and she thinks that Lai can change her luck. But Duen, also a famous feng shui expert continually cast all kinds of spells on Yip. A fierce battle of feng shui and horoscope techniques ensues. Will Lai and Yip live happily afterwards?
Love Under the Sun
Himself
On a splendid night, as elegant individuals lose themselves in dance in a ballroom, a rumor is born that one of the guests is HIV positive. Unprecedented fear and suspicion follow, with fallacies about HIV infection close up on its heels.
インファナル・アフェア
Young Chan Wing-Yan
1991年、ストリート育ちの青年ラウは香港マフィアに入ってすぐ、その優秀さに目を付けたボスによって警察学校に送り込まれる。一方、警察学校で優秀な成績を収めていた青年ヤンは突然退学となる。彼は、警視に能力を見込まれマフィアへの潜入を命じられたのだった。やがて2人の青年は、それぞれの組織で台頭していく。そして10年後、警察はヤンから大きな麻薬取引の情報を受け取る。しかし警察の包囲網はラウによってマフィア側に筒抜けとなっていた。検挙も取引も失敗に終わったことで、警察、マフィア双方がスパイの存在に気づいてしまうのだった…。
Just One Look
Fan
Set in 70s Hong Kong, Just One Look actually tells of Fan (Shawn Yu), whose policeman father commits suicide in a cinema toilet, but Fan believes he was murdered by a gangster nicknamed 'Crazy' (Anthony Wong). Ten years later Fan contemplates avenging his father's death. Meanwhile, he and best friend Ming (Wong Yu Nam), who are movie fans and sell their family wares outside the local cinema, decide to enlist for kung fu lessons after spotting the master's beautiful daughter (Charlene Choi). But Fan falls for a mysterious girl who lives in the countryside (Gillian Chung).
The New Option
Faced with early retirement and difficulty recruiting, Stone is forced to lower his standard of acceptance. When a vicious, military-trained group of criminals commit a chain of big-time robberies, the Flying Tigers are called into action once again.
Leaving in Sorrow
Hong
Leaving In Sorrow is a gritty, realistic portrayal of Hong Kong in the aftermath of the Asian Financial Crisis. It is the first Hong Kong production filmed in the "Dogme 95" style, using hand-held cameras, natural lighting, and real locations. The film follows a disparate group of characters--including a pastor, a magazine editor, and a slacker from San Francisco--who find their lives suddenly turned upside down by events beyond their control.